Introduction to Engineering

Introduction to Engineering pdf file

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What does an engineer do?

What does an engineer do?

Engineers design, evaluate, develop, test, modify, install, inspect and maintain a wide variety of products and systems. They also recommend and specify materials and processes, supervise manufacturing and construction, conduct failure analysis, provide consulting services and teach engineering courses in colleges and universities.

The field of engineering is divided into a large number of specialty areas:

• Mechanical engineering involves design, manufacturing, inspection and maintenance of machinery, equipment and components as well as control systems and instruments for monitoring their status and performance. This includes vehicles, construction and farm machinery, industrial installations and a wide variety of tools and devices.

• Electrical engineering involves design, testing, manufacturing, construction, control, monitoring and inspection of electrical and electronic devices, machinery and systems. These systems vary in scale from microscopic circuits to national power generation and transmission systems.

• Civil engineering involves design, construction, maintenance and inspection of large infrastructure projects such as highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, dams and airports.

• Aerospace engineering involves design, manufacturing and testing of aircraft and spacecraft as well as parts and components such as airframes, power plants, control and guidance systems, electrical and electronic systems, and communication and navigation systems.

• Nuclear engineering involves design, manufacturing, construction, operation and testing of equipment, systems and processes involving the production, control and detection of nuclear radiation. These systems include particle accelerators and nuclear reactors for electric power plants and ships, radioisotope production and research. Nuclear engineering also includes monitoring and protecting humans from the potentially harmful effects of radiation.

• Structural engineering involves design, construction and inspection of load-bearing structures such large commercial buildings, bridges and industrial infrastructure.

• Biomedical engineering is the practice of designing systems, equipment and devices for use in the practice of medicine. It also involves working closely with medical practitioners, including doctors, nurses, technicians, therapists and researchers, in order to determine, understand and meet their requirements for systems, equipment and devices.

• Chemical engineering is the practice of designing equipment, systems and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding and processing chemicals to make valuable products.

• Computer engineering is the practice of designing computer hardware components, computer systems, networks and computer software.

• Industrial engineering is the practice of designing and optimizing facilities, equipment, systems and processes for manufacturing, material processing, and any number of other work environments.

• Environmental engineering is the practice of preventing, reducing and eliminating sources of pollution that affect air, water and land. It also involves detecting and measuring pollution levels, determining sources of pollution, cleaning up and rehabilitating polluted sites and ensuring compliance with local, state and federal regulations. 

There is often considerable overlap among the different specialties. For this reason, engineers need to have a general understanding of several areas of engineering besides their specialty. For example, a civil engineer needs to understand concepts of structural engineering, an aerospace engineer needs to apply principles of mechanical engineering, and nuclear engineers need a working knowledge of electrical engineering.

Particularly, engineers require in-depth knowledge of mathematics, physics and computer applications such as simulations and computer-aided design. This is why most college programs include basic engineering courses in a wide range of topics before students choose to specialize in a particular area.

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About Engineers & Engineering

About Engineers & Engineering

What are the Common Skills Engineers Use?

Engineers are problem solvers, organisers, communicators, calculators and designers. These skills rely heavily on rational thinking and logical decision making, which is why most Engineers come from science and maths backgrounds. Yet despite this fact Engineering is a highly creative activity, especially when complicated problems are involved. The modern Engineer is also very software savvy and can use a range of different computing programs to assist in verifying designs and predicting how structures will behave in the environment.

What are the Common Fields of Engineering?

There are many branches and fields within the various Engineering disciplines which can be rather confusing. However, all Engineering degrees are based on one (or a combination)of the 4 major disciplines of Civil, Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering.

Building a Tunnel: How Different Engineers Work Together

A Civil Engineer who specialises in structural design (Structural Engineer) would calculate the size of the tunnel, how it is to be constructed (all of the stages) and what it is made of (reinforced concrete, etc.). In order to provide clean air and remove as much of the vehicle emissions as possible, a Mechanical Engineer is employed to design the ventilation system.

The Mechanical Engineer would plan for the amount of emissions that need to removed and the process of removing them (for instance how many of a particular type of fan would be required and where they are to be installed. Don’t forget they also have to figure out where this air flows to. An Electrical Engineer will design the lighting as well as any control systems for hazard signs. In some cases, specialist disciplines such as Environmental Engineering are used to conduct an investigation into the sustainability and environmental effects of building such a tunnel.

Do Engineers Work as Individuals?

This answer is dependent on the specific project, job and even field that engineers work in. Generally, all Engineers work as part of a small or large team. A Chemical Engineer conducting research and development may spend the majority of their time working independently in a lab performing experiments and writing technical reports. On the other end of the spectrum, a Civil Engineer in the construction industry may spend the majority of their time on-site, working with foremen and tradesmen to develop buildings or infrastructure.

Is Engineering Boring and Repetitive?

It is inevitable in any job, really, to have to perform dull and mundane tasks. Engineers are required to check calculations (which are vital so nothing explodes or collapses!), read technical papers and write technical reports. The true value found in engineering is the ability to combine all tasks to create something greater (think 1 + 1 = 3).

Consider that many other professions such as accounting, teaching and even business studies all have their own mundane and repetitive tasks – it’s the ability to create something special like a two-hundred story skyscraper or a car that runs on the invisible force electricity that makes engineering stand out! Engineering provides you with the opportunity to contribute to society and leave a lasting impression on the world – follow in the footsteps of engineers like Thomas Edison whose inventions are still used today!

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What is Engineering ?

What is Engineering?

Engineering is the application of scientific knowledge to solving problems in the real world. While science (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.) allows us to gain an understanding of the World and the Universe, Engineering enables this understanding to come to life through problem solving, designing and building things. The electronic device you are using to read this article was engineered from raw plastic, metal, silicon and lines of software code before being transformed into a usable device. Pretty cool!

Engineers can be distinguished from other professions by their ability to solve complex problems and implement solutions in cost effective and practical ways. This ability to face a problem, work through various thoughts and abstract ideas and then translating them into reality is what is so exciting about engineering.

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Calculate your Body Mass Index

Metric BMI Formula

Weight (kg) / Height (m)²

With the metric system, the formula for BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2). Since height is commonly measured in centimeters, divide height in centimeters by 100 to obtain height in meters.

Imperial BMI Formula

(Weight (lbs.) * 703) / Height (inches)²

When using pounds and inches, the formula needs to be altered slightly. Multiply your weight in pounds by 703. Divide that by your height in inches, squared.

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What is Body mass index (BMI)

What is BMI ??

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on your weight in relation to your height, and applies to most adult men and women aged 20 and over. For children aged 2 and over, BMI percentile is the best assessment of body fat.

•  Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of relative size based on the mass and height of an individual.

•  The Quetelet Index was devised by Adolphe Quetelet, a Belgian mathematician, astronomer and statistician, in 1832. It was later termed "body mass index" in 1972 by Ancel Keys.

•  BMI is a simple, inexpensive and noninvasive surrogate measure of body fat.

•  Factors such as age, sex, ethnicity and muscle mass are not accounted for in BMI.

•  For adults 20 years and older, BMI is interpreted by using standard weight status categories that are the same for all ages, and for both men and women.

•  For children and adolescents between 2-20 years old, BMI is interpreted relative to a child's age and sex.

•  BMI is a reasonable indicator of body fat for both adults and children.

•  Because BMI does not measure body fat directly, it should not be used as a diagnostic tool.

•  BMI should be used as a measure to track weight status in populations and as a screening tool to identify potential weight problems in individuals.

•  Other measures of body fat, such as skin-fold thicknesses, bio-electrical impedance, underwater weighing and dual energy X-ray absorption, maybe more accurate than BMI.
  
  

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IP address Facts

What is IP address ??

Every machine on a network has a unique identifier. Just as you would address a letter to send in the mail, computers use the unique identifier to send data to specific computers on a network. Most networks today, including all computers on the Internet, use the TCP/IP protocol as the standard for how to communicate on the network. In the TCP/IP protocol, the unique identifier for a computer is called its IP address.

An IP address is a fascinating product of modern computer technology designed to allow one computer (or other digital device) to communicate with another via the Internet. IP addresses allow the location of literally billions of digital devices that are connected to the Internet to be pinpointed and differentiated from other devices. In the same sense that someone needs your mailing address to send you a letter, a remote computer needs your IP address to communicate with your computer.

"IP" stands for Internet Protocol, so an IP address is an Internet Protocol address. What does that mean? An Internet Protocol is a set of rules that govern Internet activity and facilitate completion of a variety of actions on the World Wide Web. Therefore an Internet Protocol address is part of the systematically laid out interconnected grid that governs online communication by identifying both initiating devices and various Internet destinations, thereby making two-way communication possible.

There are two standards for IP addresses: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6). All computers with IP what addresses have an IPv4 address, and many are starting to use the new IPv6 address system as well. Here's these two address types mean:

·         IPv4 uses 32 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv4 address is expressed by four numbers separated by dots. Each number is the decimal (base-10) representation for an eight-digit binary (base-2) number, also called an octet. For example: 216.27.61.137

·         IPv6 uses 128 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv6 address is expressed by eight groups of hexadecimal (base-16) numbers separated by colons, as in 2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652. Groups of numbers that contain all zeros are often omitted to save space, leaving a colon separator to mark the gap (as in 2001:cdba::3257:9652).

 This innocuous-looking group of four numbers (IPv4) is the key that empowers you and me to send and retrieve data over our Internet connections, ensuring that our messages, as well as our requests for data and the data we've requested, will reach their correct Internet destinations. Without this numeric protocol, sending and receiving data over the World Wide Web would be impossible.

IP addresses can be either static or dynamic. Static IP addresses never change. They serve as a permanent Internet address and provide a simple and reliable way for remote computers to contact you. Static IP addresses reveal such information as the continent, country, region, and city in which a computer is located; the ISP (Internet Service Provider) that services that particular computer; and such technical information as the precise latitude and longitude of the country, as well as the locale, of the computer. Many websites provide IP address look-up services to their visitors, free of charge. If you're curious about your own IP address, you can locate these websites by performing a Google search.

Dynamic IP addresses are temporary and are assigned each time a computer accesses the Internet. They are, in effect, borrowed from a pool of IP addresses that are shared among various computers. Since a limited number of static IP addresses are available, many ISPs reserve a portion of their assigned addresses for sharing among their subscribers in this way. This lowers costs and allows them to service far more subscribers than they otherwise could.

Static IP addresses are generally preferable for such uses as VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), online gaming, or any other purpose where users need to make it easy for other computers to locate and connect to them. Easy access can also be facilitated when using a dynamic IP address through the use of a dynamic DNS service, which enables other computers to find you even though you may be using a temporary, one-time IP address. This often entails an extra charge, however, so check with your ISP.

Static IP addresses are considered somewhat less secure than dynamic IP addresses, since they are easier to track for data mining purposes. However, following safe Internet practices can help mitigate this potential problem and keep your computer secure no matter what type of IP address you use.

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O Positive Blood

O pOsitive blOOd facts

O Positive Blood Type (O+)

1. Most Common Blood Type

The O positive blood type is the most common and incredibly an important donor in maintaining adequate blood supply. It is present in 1 out of 3 individuals. This means approximately 37.4% of the population has O positive blood. However, not all of the ethnic groups share the same proportions of blood types. O positive blood type is about 37% in Caucasians, 47% in African American, 53% in Hispanic, and 39% in Asian.

2. Inheritance Patterns

The ABO gene found on chromosome 9 determines the ABO blood group system. O genes (or alleles) do not produce antigens A or B, thereby are called silent alleles. Blood Group O has neither A or B antigen on red cells but with both the A and B antibody in the plasma.

How is O Positive blood type inherited?

·         If parental blood groups consist of O and O, the child’s blood group will be O.

·         If parental blood groups consist of O and A, the child’s blood group will either be O or A.

·         If parental blood groups consist of O and B, the child’s blood group will either be O or B.

·         If parental blood groups consist of A and A, the child’s blood group will either be O or A.

·         If parental blood groups consist of A and B, the child’s blood group will either be one of O, A, B, or AB.

·         If parental blood groups consist of B and B, the child’s blood group will either be O or B.

3. Blood Type Compatibility: O+ Can Receive Both O+ and O-

Being the most common blood type, it is transfused most often. O Positive individuals can only receive both O+ and O- because they have antibodies to both A and B antigens in their blood. If A and B is introduced, it will cause an immune response.

4. Blood Type Compatibility: O+ Can Be Given To O+, A+, B+ and AB+

Being an O+ donor makes the person the type of individual to hold being the most ideal red blood benefactor. Individuals with an O+ blood type can be a red blood cell donor to blood types O+, A+, B+, and AB+.

5. Plasma Type Compatibility: O Can Receive O, A, B and AB

Blood Type O carries both antibodies, making blood type O group compatible to receive plasma from groups O, A, B and AB. However, blood type O plasma can only be given to type O recipients. The individuals who are compatible in receiving platelets from an O+ donor are O+ recipients.

6. Has an Rh Factor

Rh Factor is an additional marker in the blood. This can be classified as either Rh positive or Rh negative. This marker is only used for genetic differences. O Positive blood type is Rh positive.

7. Tendency Towards Higher Levels of Stomach Acids

Individuals with blood type O may be predisposed to certain medical conditions like ulcers. This can happen because of higher levels of stomach acids. However, they have well-built ability to digest protein and fat-rich meals. The two chemicals intestinal alkaline phosphatase enzyme and ApoB48 lipoprotein used by the digestive tract are secreted at much higher levels. It improves the ability of blood type O individuals to metabolize animal sourced cholesterol more efficiently. However, simple carbohydrates such as those sourced from grains, are easily converted into triglycerides and fats.

8. Immediate “Fight or Flight” Response

This can cause episodes of excessive anger, hyperactivity, temper tantrums, and chemical imbalance bringing about manic experiences. Blood Type O individuals are also vulnerable to destructive behaviors when exceedingly bored, tired or depressed, due to the synergistic relationship between feelings of reward and release of dopamine.

9. Diet Recommendations

It is recommended for blood type O individuals to focus their diet on organic meats, fruits and vegetables to avoid being overstressed. Moreover, dairy and wheat products should be avoided because they may initiate digestive and health concerns. Intake of caffeine and alcohol should also be avoided. They can be harmful with their potential to increase adrenaline and noradrenaline which are already in high levels in blood type O individuals.

10. Exercise Recommendations

Brisk regular exercise that promotes the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system can be beneficial. Physical exercise releases a crowd of neurotransmitter activity to tone the whole system. It also helps uphold a physical health and emotional balance due to a well regulated and efficient chemical transport system. Aaerobic physical exercise should be done 3 to 4 times a week for at least 30 minutes each.

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Multiplication by 11

Multiply any Two digit number by 11

Ex:- 34 * 11

Step 1 :-
separate the two digits of the number
=> 3_4

Step 2 :-
sum the two digits
=> 3+4 = 7

Step 3 :-
place the step 2 answer in the blank created in step 1

=> 3_4 = 374

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